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Contents
Optimization manuals
- Get Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, one of the best books on the subject. Alternatively, you may try Randall Hyde's free, online Art of Assembly Language book as well. Download Masm32 assembler, which you will use to compile your assembly code into executables. And, if you like IDEs, get Winasm as well. It'll simplify code editing.
- Win32 Programming With A386 I am now making available for download a freeware package that has all the additional elements needed for users of my A386 assembler to create 32-bit programs that run under Windows NT, Windows 95 or later (including Windows XP).
And of course there is nothing which stops real hackers who understand assembly code, besides writing a SAAS application (even then they can try to hack your server). But there is more, there are tools like Salamander,.NET Reactor an other mentioned, who provide (maybe) nearly the same security form uncompiling as a C compiled Win32.exe.
This series of five manuals describes everything you need to know about optimizing code for x86 and x86-64 family microprocessors, including optimization advices for C++ and assembly language, details about the microarchitecture and instruction timings of most Intel, AMD and VIA processors, and details about different compilers and calling conventions.
Operating systems covered: DOS, Windows, Linux, BSD, Mac OS X Intel based, 32 and 64 bits.
Note that these manuals are not for beginners.
- 1. Optimizing software in C++: An optimization guide for Windows, Linux and Mac platforms
- This is an optimization manual for advanced C++ programmers. Topics include: The choice of platform and operating system. Choice of compiler and framework. Finding performance bottlenecks. The efficiency of different C++ constructs. Multi-core systems. Parallelization with vector operations. CPU dispatching. Efficient container class templates. Etc.
File name: optimizing_cpp.pdf, size: 1763670, last modified: 2020-Sep-02.
Download. - 2. Optimizing subroutines in assembly language: An optimization guide for x86 platforms
- This is an optimization manual for advanced assembly language programmers and compiler makers. Topics include: C++ instrinsic functions, inline assembly and stand-alone assembly. Linking optimized assembly subroutines into high level language programs. Making subroutine libraries compatible with multiple compilers and operating systems. Optimizing for speed or size. Memory access. Loops. Vector programming (XMM, YMM, SIMD). CPU-specific optimization and CPU dispatching.
File name: optimizing_assembly.pdf, size: 1505101, last modified: 2020-Aug-27.
Download. - 3. The microarchitecture of Intel, AMD and VIA CPUs: An optimization guide for assembly programmers and compiler makers
- This manual contains details about the internal working of various microprocessors from Intel, AMD and VIA. Topics include: Out-of-order execution, register renaming, pipeline structure, execution unit organization and branch prediction algorithms for each type of microprocessor. Describes many details that cannot be found in manuals from microprocessor vendors or anywhere else. The information is based on my own research and measurements rather than on official sources. This information will be useful to programmers who want to make CPU-specific optimizations as well as to compiler makers and students of microarchitecture.
File name: microarchitecture.pdf, size: 2212790, last modified: 2020-Sep-02.
Download. - 4. Instruction tables: Lists of instruction latencies, throughputs and micro-operation breakdowns for Intel, AMD and VIA CPUs
- Contains detailed lists of instruction latencies, execution unit throughputs, micro-operation breakdown and other details for all common application instructions of most microprocessors from Intel, AMD and VIA. Intended as an appendix to the preceding manuals. Available as pdf file and as spreadsheet (ods format).
File name: instruction_tables.pdf, size: 1854855, last modified: 2020-Oct-11.
Download.
File name: instruction_tables.ods, size: 466731, last modified: 2020-Oct-11.
Download. - 5. Calling conventions for different C++ compilers and operating systems
- This document contains details about data representation, function calling conventions, register usage conventions, name mangling schemes, etc. for many different C++ compilers and operating systems. Discusses compatibilities and incompatibilities between different C++ compilers. Includes information that is not covered by the official Application Binary Interface standards (ABI's). The information provided here is based on my own research and therefore descriptive rather than normative. Intended as a source of reference for programmers who want to make function libraries compatible with multiple compilers or operating systems and for makers of compilers and other development tools who want their tools to be compatible with existing tools.
File name: calling_conventions.pdf, size: 1070004, last modified: 2020-Aug-27.
Download. - All five manuals
- Download all the above manuals together in one zip file.
File name: optimization_manuals.zip, size: 6784517, last modified: 2020-Oct-11.
Download.
C++ vector class library
This is a collection of C++ classes, functions and operators that makes it easier to use the the vector instructions (Single Instruction Multiple Data instructions) of modern CPUs without using assembly language. Supports the SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AVX, AVX2, FMA, XOP, and AVX512F/BW/DQ/VL instruction sets. Includes standard mathematical functions. Can compile for different instruction sets from the same source code.
Description and instructions.
Message board.
Source on Github.
Nice little instruction video by WhatsaCreel.
Latest release.
Object file converter
This utility can be used for converting object files between COFF/PE, OMF, ELF and Mach-O formats for all 32-bit and 64-bit x86 platforms. Can modify symbol names in object files. Can build, modify and convert function libraries across platforms. Can dump object files and executable files. Also includes a very good disassembler supporting the SSE4, AVX, AVX2, AVX512, FMA3, FMA4, XOP and Knights Corner instruction sets. Source code included (GPL). Manual.
File name: objconv.zip, size: 1055692, last modified: 2020-Jun-08.
Download.
Subroutine library
This is a library of optimized subroutines coded in assembly language. The functions in this library can be called from C, C++ and other compiled high-level languages. Supports many different compilers under Windows, Linux, BSD and Mac OS X operating systems, 32 and 64 bits. This library contains faster versions of common C/C++ memory and string functions, fast functions for string search and string parsing, fast integer division and integer vector division, as well as several useful functions not found elsewhere.
The package contains library files in many different file formats, C++ header file and assembly language source code. Gnu general public license applies. Manual.
File name: asmlib.zip, size: 883583, last modified: 2018-Apr-25.
Download.
ForwardCom: An open standard instruction set for high performance microprocessors
This is a proposal and discussion of how an ideal instruction set architecture can be constructed. The proposed instruction set combines the best from the RISC and CISC principles to produce a flexible, consistent, modular, orthogonal, scalable and expansible instruction set for high performance microprocessors and large vector processors.
The ForwardCom instruction set has variable-length vector registers and a special addressing mode that allows the software to automatically adapt to different microprocessors with different maximum vector lengths and make efficient loops through arrays regardless of whether the array size is divisible by the vector length. Standardization of the corresponding ecosystem of ABI standards, function libraries, compilers, etc. makes it possible to combine different programming languages in the same program.
Introduction: www.forwardcom.info.
Manual: File name: forwardcom.pdf, size: 769352, last modified: 2017-Nov-03.
Download.
Test programs for measuring clock cycles and performance monitoring
Test programs that I have used for my research. Can measure clock cycles and performance monitor counters such as cache misses, branch mispredictions, resource stalls etc. in a small piece of code in C, C++ or assembly. Can also set up performance monitor counters for reading inside another program. Supports Windows and Linux, 32 and 64 bit mode, multiple threads.
For experts only. Useful for analyzing small pieces of code but not for profiling a whole program.
File name: testp.zip, size: 1033678, last modified: 2020-Sep-03.
Download.
Floating point exception tracking and NAN propagation
This article discusses the problems with floating point exceptions in systems that use out-of-order parallelism and SIMD parallelism. A solution based on NAN propagation is recommended.
File name: nan_propagation.pdf, size: 212063, last modified: 2020-Apr-27.
Download.
CPUID manipulation program for VIA
This is a program that can change the CPUID vendor string, family and model number on VIA Nano processors. See my blog for a discussion of the purpose of this program.
File name: cpuidfake.zip, size: 67593, last modified: 2010-Aug-08.
Download.
Useful software optimization links
Win32 Assembly Coding For Crackers Free
Agner's CPU blog www.agner.org/forum
CPU-id tools and information www.cpuid.com
Godbolt compiler explorer. This is a very useful online tool to test how different compilers treat a piece of code. Supports the vector class library. www.godbolt.org
Masm Forum www.masmforum.com
ASM Community Messageboard www.asmcommunity.net/forums
Hutch's masm pages www.masm32.com
likwid performance measuring tools for Linux github.com/RRZE-HPC/likwid Gachaverse download mac.
Bit Twiddling Hacks graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html
Programmer's heaven assembler zone Programmers' Heaven
Virtual sandpile x86 Processor information www.sandpile.org
Online computer books www.computer-books.us/assembler.php
Instruction latency listings instlatx64.atw.hu/ and uops.info
NASM assembler www.nasm.us/
FASM assembler and messageboard flatassembler.net
JWASM assembler www.japheth.de
Yeppp open source library of assembly language functions bitbucket.org/MDukhan/yeppp
MAQAO (Modular Assembly Quality Analyzer and Optimizer), a tool for analyzing and optimizing binary codes. www.maqao.org
Intel resources
Reference manuals and other documents can be found at Intel's web site. Intel's web site is refurnished so often that any link I could provide here to specific documents would be broken after a few months. I will therefore recommend that you use the search facilities at www.intel.com and search for 'Software Developer's Manual' and 'Optimization Reference Manual'.
AMD resources
Microsoft resources
MASM manuals Microsoft Macro Assembler reference
2887403
©2006 --- Eric's home page --- ZIPKEY --- Other authors and sites --- E-mail Eric
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Win32 Programming With A386
I am now making available for download a freeware package that has all the additional elements needed for users of my A386 assembler to create 32-bit programs that run under Windows NT, Windows 95 or later (including Windows XP). The package includes the complete source code for a template program HELLO32 that demonstrates some of the features of Win32 programming. Click here for more details about this package.Library of A86 Source Files Available
I am now making available an extensive library of my own source files, for an additional charge to registered users. The library includes over 200 useful procedures/macros you can call from your A86 programs, plus the complete source code to about 200 short programs that use the library. Click here for more information about the source file library.Win32 Assembly Coding For Crackers Nabisco
V4.05 Release
I have released version V4.05 of A86 and D86, incorporating various fixes for bugs reported by users, and also ones I discovered while working on A386/D386. You can download these new A86/D86 versions now.Overview of A86/A386
A86 (with its 32-bit version A386) is the finest assembler available, at any cost under any terms, for the Intel 86-family of microprocessors (IBM-PC, compatibles, and not-so-compatibles).A86 accepts assembly language source files, and transforms them directly into either: (1) .COM files executable under DOS (or in a DOS box under Windows), starting at offset 0100 within a code segment; (2) .OBJ files suitable for feeding to a linker to create EXE files; or (3) object files starting at offset 0, suitable for copying to ROMs. A86 is a full featured, professional-quality program. I designed A86 to be as closely compatible to the standard Intel/IBM assembly language as possible, given that I insisted upon making design and language enhancements necessary to make A86 the best possible assembler.
Overview of D86
D86 (with its 32-bit version D386) is a screen-oriented program that allows you to troubleshoot faulty computer programs written to run under DOS (or in a DOS box under Windows). It 'freezes' the state of your program, and allows you to investigate the values of registers, flags, and memory. You can monitor your program's execution by stepping it one instruction or procedure at a time; or you can start your program running, telling D86 to stop it when it reaches certain locations. D86 recognizes the symbol-table output of the A86 assembler, creating a symbolic disassembly of your A86 program, and allowing you to refer to locations and variables by name.
A386 and D386 official release
I have at long last made the official release of A386 and D386! Since these packages are based on their 16-bit counterparts, I have given them a version number that matches: currently V4.05.A386 covers the complete instruction set of the entire Intel and AMD families of x86 processors, from the original 8088, up through Intel's Pentium III and AMD's Athlon processors. This includes the MMX instructions, SIMD instructions, and AMD's 3DNow instructions. The assembler features complete support of all the features of 32-bit processing: the 32-bit register set, 32-bit instruction operands, 32-bit memory indexing (now including forward references combined with 32-bit indexing), 32-bit expression arithmetic, and assembly to 32-bit protected-mode segments (USE32 mode and FLAT mode).
I have no plans at present to make A386/D386 available for download anywhere. You must purchase the registered A86+D86 disk to get it. (Also, you cannot get A386 only on the A86-only disk; you must buy the A86+D86 disk to get any of the 386 materials.)
Download A86 and D86 V4.05
Click here to download A86.ZIP now.
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How to Purchase A86+D86+A386+D386
There are two levels of purchase: the basic A86-only package is $52. The extended package, including A86, the D86 debugger, and the 32-bit programs A386 and D386, is $82. The packages come with a complete text-file manual; the printed manual is no longer available.In addition, you can order the EILIB source file library with your registration. The cost is an additional $50 when ordered at the same time; $60 if ordered later. Click here to learn about multi-user licenses, site licenses and usage of A86 and D86 by schools.
Click here to order online now, and receive the software within minutes;
Eric's home page --- A86/D86 --- ZIPKEY --- Other authors and sites --- E-mail Eric